BULLETIN of the 

Mniufraitjj of S’nwth darolitta 


CERTIFICATION OF 
TEACHERS 

IN 

SOUTH CAROLINA 


BY 

JOSEPH H. SHEALY 


ISSUED MONTHLY 
BY THE UNIVERSITY 


No. 116 


January, 1923 


COLUMBIA, s. c. 

Second-Class Mail Matter 





















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Bulletin No. 116 of the University of South Carolina 


CERTIFICATION OF 
TEACHERS IN 
SOUTH CAROLINA 


w 


By Joseph H.Shealy 



January, 1923 


Issued monthly by the University and entered at the Post Office 
in Columbia as matter of the second-class. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS " 

'“•CSIVEO 

APR9 1^23 

DOCL»»ML« ■ :ii . -SION 







CONTENTS 


Introduction . 5 

Historical Sketches . 7 

(a) Early Legislation . 7 

(b) Qualifications of Teachers . 9 

Classification of Certificates . 11 

Renewals and Advancement Requirements . 13 

Comparisons . 14 

Digest of the Laws of Typical States. 16 

Alabama . 16 

Kentucky. 17 

Louisiana . 19 

New York. 20 

North Carolina. 20 

Texas. 23 

Washington . 24 

Arizona . 25 

Arkansas . 26 

California . 27 

Colorado . 27 

Connecticut. 28 

Delaware. 28 

Florida . 29 

Georgia . 29 

Idaho . 30 

Illinois . 31 

Indiana. 31 

Iowa . 31 

Kansas . 32 

Maine . 33 

Maryland . 33 

Massachusetts . 33 

Michigan . 34 

Minnesota . 35 

Mississippi . 35 

Missouri . 36 

Montana. 37 







































CONTENTS-Continued 


Nebraska . 37 

Nevada . 38 

New Hampshire. 38 

New Jersey. 39 

New Mexico. 39 

North Dakota . 40 

Ohio . 40 

Oklahoma . 41 

Oregon . 41 

Pennsylvania . 42 

Rhode Island. 42 

South Dakota . 43 

Tennessee . 43 

Utah . 44 

Vermont . 44 

Virginia . 45 

West Virginia . 45 

Wisconsin . 46 

Wyoming . 46 

Condensed information for the state for which Tables have 
not been made . 48 

TABLES 

Alabama . 48 

Kentucky . 51 

Louisiana . 54 

New York. 56 

North Carolina . 62 

South Carolina . 68 

Texas . 70 

Washington. 73 

Recommendations and Conclusions . 76 

Bibliography . 78 

































CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS IN 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Introduction. 

It is the purpose of this treatise to give a compre¬ 
hensive view of certification of teachers in South Caro¬ 
lina, so far as it relates to the early history of certifica¬ 
tion, kind and classes of certificates issued, basis for the 
different classes, advancement requirements and con¬ 
ditions for renewal. Information as complete as pos¬ 
sible is given regarding the fundamental elements for 
certificates of all the states throughout the United 
States, and in order to present this in condensed form, 
tables have been made of the most representative 
and typical states, embracing the following features: 
the classes of certificates issued, by whom issued, the 
scope of the certificates, the length of validity, the 
renewal requirements and extension, experience 
requirements, scholarship requirements, recognition 
of professional work, reciprocal relations and such 
other special features as would be necessary to make 
a detailed comparison with the certification of teachers 
in South Carolina. The facts as given in the tables for 
each state include changes in regulations or legislation 
up to January 1921, and some states to 1922. The 
following facts are assumed as universally accepted: 
every teacher must be of good moral character; expe¬ 
rience when required is assumed to be successful 
experience; a standard high school is one requiring 
four years of work beyond the elementary grades; 
standard normal schools require for entrance the com¬ 
pletion of a four-year high school and offer two full 
years of work of college grade; a standard college is 
one which maintains a four-year course and requires 
for entrance graduation from a four-year high 


( 5 ) 



6 BULLETIN OE THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

school; accredited and approved schools and colleges 
are those that meet the requirements of the State 
Departments of Education. Certificates are arranged 
in the tables invariably the highest grade of certificates 
first* state certificates precede county certificates, and 
emergency certificates usually follow all other certifi¬ 
cates. 

In ranking the states of the United States, the Russell 
Sage Foundation Report gave South Carolina the unen¬ 
viable distinction of being next to the bottom in the 
scale of illiteracy. A comparison of the recent quali¬ 
fications for teachers in this State, and the requirements 
to be met to receive the necessary credentials for teach¬ 
ing in the public schools of South Carolina with the 
credentials required by other states, will show that 
South Carolina does not lag behind in setting up a 
proper standard for her teachers. However, for more 
than twenty-five years she adhered to one standard of 
certification. From one cause or another no change 
was made. The rules and regulations promulgated by 
the State Board of Education have been modified very 
little. Many attempts have been made to establish a 
progressive and professional system of certification of 
teachers heretofore, but opposition in the General 
Assembly to this movement was successful for many 
years. During the session of 1920 the law was enacted 
whereby the examining and issuing of certificates by 
county boards were abolished, and the authority for 
certification was vested in the State Board of Examiners 
operating under the rules and regulations promulgated 
by the State Board of Education. 


HISTORICAL SKETCH. 


(a) Early Legislation. 

By an Act of the General Assembly of 1811, public 
schools were authorized throughout the State of South 
Carolina wherever necessity for them was judged legit¬ 
imate by the school commissioners, and masters for said 
schools were appointed by these officers. By an Act of 
1835 it was required that no teacher should be em¬ 
ployed until he or she had been examined by the Board. 
This condition of an unorganized school system in 
South Carolina continued until 1868, when there was a 
temporary organization of the State Department of 
Education, and this provision required that the census 
of the school population be taken. This temporary 
organization continued until 1870, when the Legisla¬ 
ture, by a statute established the State Department of 
Education with the head of this department designated 
as State Superintendent of Education and the power to 
examine and certificate teachers for the public schools 
was placed in his hands. Under this same Act a pro¬ 
vision was made for the establishment of a County 
Board of Examiners. The school commissioner of each 
county was empowered to appoint two other members, 
the three making up the said Board. This Board had 
the authority to examine applicants for teaching in the 
respective county where examined, and these certifi¬ 
cates were good for one year. This provision continued 
until 1879, when the State Board of Examiners was 
organized. This Board consisted of the State Superin¬ 
tendent of Education and four persons appointed by the 
Governor by and with the consent of the Senate, their 
term of office being two years. This Board did not 
remain in session all the year, but met upon the call of 
the chairman or the majority of the members* and con- 


( 7 ) 



8 BULLETIN OE THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 


stituted an advisory body with whom the State Super¬ 
intendent had the right to consult and also to act as 
arbiter in reviewing the decisions of the county boards. 
The decision of the State Board of Examiners was 
always final upon the matter at issue. This Board had 
the power to adopt rules and regulations for its own 
government, for the government of the free public 
schools, to prescribe a standard of proficiency before 
the State Board of Examiners, to adopt the course of 
study for the free public schools, and to grant or revoke 
teachers’ certificates. 

Applicants who presented evidence of good moral 
character were allowed to take the examination, and 
certificates, subject to renewal with or without further 
examination, were granted for a term of two years. The 
County Board of Examiners, as mentioned before, 
operated under the authority of the State Board of 
Examiners and examined teachers and granted certifi¬ 
cates to teach in the respective counties for a term of 
one year. The subjects given on examination were: 
Orthography, Reading* Arithmetic, Geography, English 
Grammar, United States and South Carolina History, 
Constitution and Laws of the United States and of the 
State. 

The above provision continued until the Constitution 
of 1895 when the State Board of Education, consisting 
of seven appointed members, with the Governor and 
State Superintendent as ex-officio members, was estab¬ 
lished. This Board had authority to/ prescribe and 
enforce rules for examination of teachers and to pre¬ 
scribe a standard of proficiency for the County 
Boards of Education. Under this Act graduates of 
accredited colleges were given certificates without 
examination, and the rules and regulations adopted by 
this Board gave the County Boards of Education the 
right to examine teachers for their respective counties 
on questions prepared by the State Board of Education, 
and to issue certificates to such applicants who made 


BULLETIN OE The UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 9 

the required average of 80% on the nine subjects, and 
not less than 50% on any one subject. This condition 
continued until 1920 without any material change. 

(b) Qualification of Teachers. 

When it was first required that teachers be licensed, 
the requirements consisted principally in furnishing 
evidence of good moral character and in proving by 
mental test that the applicant possessed a certain 
knowledge of the content of the elementary branches. 
The opportunity for securing a collegiate education was 
meager; therefore, little encouragement with regard to 
fitness and preparation was given to prospective teach¬ 
ers. The three “R’s” were the principal subjects 
taught, and any one who could write a fairly legible 
hand, speak tolerably correct English, and cipher mod¬ 
erately well, was considered qualified for the position 
of a pedagog; but as the idea of the free public schools 
pervaded all parts of the State, more and more were 
the people convinced that a person who followed the 
profession of a teacher should have better preparation; 
therefore, better support was provided. More taxes 
were voted and the colleges became a mecca for aspir¬ 
ing young men and women where they might prepare 
themselves for the activities of life. Further restric¬ 
tions were thrown around the position of a teacher and 
soon the public was demanding better preparation on 
the part of the teachers. The scope of the examina¬ 
tion was broadened and concessions granted those 
who presented college credentials, until today over 
35% of white teachers in South Carolina possess a col¬ 
legiate education. It is required of those who follow 
the profession that they keep abreast with the modern 
methods and practices followed in the best colleges in 
the country. 

From 1873 to 1920 there have been three classes of 
certificates; first grade, second grade and third grade. 
A first grade was issued to a successful applicant who 


10 BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

passed the mental test in certain branches taught in the 
common schools, also the college graduate who had 
spent four years in preparation for her life work was 
likewise given a first grade certificate; no distinction 
was made between the teacher who received a first 
grade certificate on examination and the college trained 
teacher. Therefore, the teacher certificated by exam¬ 
ination oftentimes felt, and sometimes justly so, that 
she was as well qualified as the teacher who held a 
college degree ; consequently, this attitude on the part 
of the certificating authority in the State gave little 
encouragement to a person to spend his or her time 
and money in college for four years in order to pre¬ 
pare himself or herself for this noble work. 


CLASSIFICATION OF CERTIFICATES. 


The State Board of Examiners for Teachers de¬ 
vised and presented to the State Board of Education, at 
its meeting in March 1921, seven general classes of cer¬ 
tificates, which are as follows: Primary, General 
Elementary* High School, Academic, Professional, 
Special, and Emergency. 

The Primary, General Elementary and High School 
certificates may be secured upon examination and 
twelve subjects are required, the content of which 
relates to the respective classes of certificates. The 
Primary and Gneral Elementary certificates are issued 
in three grades: first, second, and third, and the High 
School certificate is issued only in first grade, following 
the regulations of the High School Inspector that all 
teachers in accredited High Schools shall hold valid 
first grade certificates. The general average for 
first grade certificates on examination, which is 85%, 
with not less than 60% on any one subject, is higher 
than that of most states. Examinations for the 
three classes of certificates are conducted at each 
county seat in the spring and fall. The ques¬ 
tions for these examinations are prepared by the State 
Board of Examiners for Teachers* and at the conclusion 
of the examinations the papers are forwarded by the 
County Superintendents to the State Board of Exam¬ 
iners for gradation. The Academic certificate is given 
on an A. B. or B. S. degree from an accredited college. 
Professional certificates require, in addition to an A. B. 
or B. S. degree, the completion of twelve semester hours 
in Education secured either during the Academic 
course, or on professional credits at an accredited sum¬ 
mer or normal school. The Special certificate is 
granted to a person who completes the Special course 
in an accredited institution, and the scope of the cer- 


( 11 ) 



12 BULLETIN OE THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 


tificate is confined to this special subject upon which 
the certificate is granted. The Emergency certificate is 
given only in case where there is a worthy applicant 
who was not able, or for some other valid reason, did 
not qualify according to the prescribed regulations. 

Through this classification of certification it is 
designed to give special emphasis to professional 
training and to encourage better collegiate prepara¬ 
tion. An opportunity is given all applicants to prove 
their ability to teach in the public schools; recogni¬ 
tion is given to the person of long and successful expe¬ 
rience and the standard for the high school teacher 
has been raised. The teacher with the Academic cer¬ 
tificate is encouraged to lengthen the term of her cer¬ 
tificate through professional credits in Education. 

The salary schedule is not based entirely upon the 
class of certificate which the teacher holds, except as 
to the grade; however, the demand for specially 
qualified teachers, in a measure, regulates the salary. 

Upon the classification as now set forth, an efficient 
system of certification may be built. A higher stand¬ 
ard is being set for the new recruits. 


RENEWAL AND ADVANCEMENT REQUIREMENTS. 


All classes of certificates, except the third grade, may 
be renewed and the following requirements are de¬ 
manded : 

“The renewal of any certificate of any class or any 
grade will be allowable only after the holder has pre¬ 
sented satisfactory written evidence of successful class¬ 
room teaching experience covering half the term of the 
certificate, together with acceptable work in an ap¬ 
proved summer school during at least one summer and 
also one year’s satisfactory reading circle work.” 

Successful experience and professional training are 
especially emphasized. A second grade certificate 
under any class may be raised to a first grade, provided 
the average on any subject be raised in accordance with 
a first grade average by an examination on the delin¬ 
quent subjects. An Academic certificate may be raised 
to a Professional certificate by submitting credits show¬ 
ing twelve semester hours in Education. Certificates of 
merit are granted to proficient teachers who have 
shown exceptional ability in their chosen field. This 
certificate is not given upon application. 

The term of renewal of any certificate is the same as 
that of the original certificate. No provision has yet 
been made for a substitution of professional credits for 
examination units. 

Summer schools are provided for both colored and 
white teachers and a single system is adhered to for 
both races. The life certificate is granted in any grade 
upon presentation of evidence that the applicant has 
formerly held or does now hold a valid certificate, but 
the life certificate has no greater scope than the orig¬ 
inal certificate issued. This class of certificate is 
issued in recognition of faithful service rather than 
professional attainments. 


( 13 ) 



COMPARISONS. 


Upon examination of the certification program for 
South Carolina it is found that the system is very sim¬ 
ple. Red tape in issuing certificates has been reduced 
to a minimum. The division of the certificates makes 
it easy to determine the true status of any particular 
certificate. Many other states have practically the 
same division with a class under each division. 

Many states require graduation from a high school 
before an applicant is allowed to take the examination. 
This feature is not specifically stated in the requirement 
in South Carolina, but in spirit it is adhered to from the 
fact that nearly all of the accredited colleges are plac¬ 
ing the entrance requirement on the basis of at least 
fifteen units. 

The few classes of certificates offered reduce the 
expense of issuing certificates. 

South Carolina has no provisional certificates, but, 
like other states, provides for the Emergency certifi¬ 
cate. The length of service for the life certificate is 
longer than in most states, ten years of active service 
being required. The subjects for certificates by exami¬ 
nation embrace practically all of those offered by states 
of wider experience and development. 

The South Carolina Board is not hampered in its 
activities by regulations passed by the General Assem¬ 
bly. The State Board of Education* upon the advice 
and recommendation of the State Board of Examiners, 
formulates rules for the certification of teachers. The 
certificating authority in South Carolina is centralized 
and no certificate is issued except by the State Board of 
Examiners. The authority of the State Board of Educa¬ 
tion, vested in the State Board of Examiners, is state¬ 
wide in its scope. 


( 14 ) 



BULLETIN OE THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 15 


The renewal requirements for certificates in South 
Carolina are similar to those of other States. Particu¬ 
larly does she emphasize professional preparation. 

No provision is made through direct notification 
to warn applicants against unfair action when 
taking the examination. Each examination is safe¬ 
guarded through the integrity of those who hold the 
examination, and whenever there is evidence of giving 
or receiving information on examinations, the case is 
held for investigation. 

No charge is made for any class of certificate issued 
by the State Board of Examiners. It is customary in 
more than thirty states to require fees ranging from 
50c. to $10 for certificates granted. 

No applicant who is under eighteen years of age is 
allowed to take the examination nor be granted a cer¬ 
tificate. 

The State of South Carolina will grant to teachers of 
other states equal recognition and consideration given 
to South Carolina teachers where a valid State certifi¬ 
cate is presented. 

The certificate granted these out of state teachers 
will be, as nearly as possible* the equivalent of that 
from the state issuing the original certificate; provided, 
recognition is given in return to teachers of South Car¬ 
olina. However, a life certificate is not granted to any 
teacher except to those who present a certificate and 
recommendations of having taught successfully in 
South Carolina for at least ten years. 

(See table for comparison of certification regula¬ 
tions in South Carolina.) 


DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF THE STATES 
INCLUDING A RESUME, CLASSES, SCOPE 
OF THE CERTIFICATES GRANTED AND 
SPECIAL FEATURES OF EACH. 


ALABAMA. 

(See table.) 

The State of Alabama has five classes of certificates. 
This number is much smaller than that of the other 
states of her size and scope. All school officers such as 
county superintendents, city superintendents, and 
supervisors, must hold valid certificates, and such cer¬ 
tificates may be issued upon graduation from an ac¬ 
credited school, or equivalent education, and upon hav¬ 
ing completed one year of graduate work in Education 
or its equivalent, approved by the State Board of Edu¬ 
cation; provided, satisfactory evidence of successful 
teaching in an administrative or supervisory capacity 
has been presented. The holders of these certificates 
must be members of both the State and National Asso¬ 
ciation for the entire time of the life of the certificate, 
and must be in attendance upon the annual convention 
for at least four years. 

Professional work is recognized and encouraged in 
extending and renewing certificates, but no provision is 
made for raising the grade of the certificate to that of 
a higher class, and all certificates, except those issued 
by examination, are classified according to professional 
work done. Alabama's life certificate is secured upon 
examination with the proviso that the holder, during 
each five-year period following the date of issuance, 
must show some satisfactory reading circle work or 
approved summer school course, and this certificate 
entitles the holder to teach only in the Elementary and 
Junior high schools. 


( 16 ) 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 17 

The Professional certificates are granted upon the 
basis of college graduation, showing a minimum of 
eighteen hours of professional study in Educational 
Psychology, Principles of Teaching, and History of 
Education. It is required of all applicants for certifi¬ 
cates other than those on examination that they pre¬ 
sent evidence of having completed four years of stand¬ 
ard high school work. 

The per cent average for certificates by examination 
is rather low> and the grades of certificates are given 
upon the basis of subjects taken rather than the per 
cent average obtained. Strict requirements are set 
forth for taking the examination and all examiners are 
requested to look with disfavor on signs of any unfair 
work. 

Recognition is given by the State Department of Edu¬ 
cation to the holders of any valid certificate from with¬ 
out this state who wish to teach in the public schools 
of Alabama, provided, the license or certificate shall 
have been issued originally in consideration of qualifi¬ 
cations at least equal to those required for a certificate 
of the same grade in Alabama, said certificate must be 
validated by the State Department of Education. 

Fees are charged for all certificates issued. 


KENTUCKY. 

(See table.) 

The certificating authorities in Kentucky are the 
State Board of Education and the State Board of Exam¬ 
iners, and certificates are issued by these departments 
upon recommendations of County Boards of Examiners 
and institutions of higher learning. The classification 
of certificates is simple, but the requirements adequate. 
After July 1st, 1922, professional training will be neces¬ 
sary for the lowest class of certificates and the profes¬ 
sional requirements will be increased up to the stand¬ 
ard where graduation from a four-year high school or 



18 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


its equivalent will be required. Professional qualifica¬ 
tions are required for both superintendents, county as 
well as state, and supervisors, and no person will be 
entitled to hold these positions who does not possess a 
certificate in scholarship, administration and supervi¬ 
sion. Life certificates are granted to teachers of 
twenty years’ experience, provided, no such certificate 
will be issued of a lower class than the first class. Ken¬ 
tucky makes no provision for the raising of any class 
of certificates to that of a higher. The length of 
validity of the high class of certificates is contingent 
upon the completion of professional courses or gradua¬ 
tion from a normal school. All of her certificates are 
statewide in their scope. An earnest effort is being 
made to eliminate certificates of second grade and 
encouragement is given to better professional training. 
Her certificates are renewed upon satisfactory evidence 
of successful experience, provided, there is not a lapse 
of two years of inactive service. 

Examinations are held for elementary, high school, 
and state certificates. All applicants who take the 
examination for any class of certificate of first grade 
must make an average of 85% with not less than 70% 
on any one subject, and a recommendation from the 
county superintendent as to moral character and fitness 
of the applicant must be forwarded to the State Board 
of Examiners with a request that the certificate be 
granted before the State Board will issue the certifi¬ 
cate. The county Boards of Examiners are instructed 
to see that the examinations are conducted in a proper 
manner ,and if any applicant shows a disposition to 
give or secure information unjustly, this fact must be 
disclosed to the State Board of Examiners and should 
the county superintendent or examiner fail to make 
this known he will be guilty of a misdemeanor. 
Examinations are held at the county seats for the ele¬ 
mentary certificates three times a year. 


BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 19 

The State Board of Education has the power to 
recognize and validate certificates of teachers from 
other states which are of the same class as those issued 
by the State of Kentucky. 

Fees from $1 to $3 are charged for all certificates. 


LOUISIANA. 

(See table.) 

The certification law of Louisiana is administered by 
the Superintendent of Public Instruction* assisted by the 
Board of Examiners. The classes of certificate are state¬ 
wide in their scope, ranging from one to five years in 
term. All high school and first grade certificates are 
based upon baccalaureate degrees and the subjects for 
examination are based upon the first grade certificates 
with option in two or more subjects for the second and 
third grade certificates. After 1925 professional work 
and reading circle credits will be required for the 
renewal of certificates, and the first grade certificate 
may be advanced to a high school through completion 
of professional courses. Louisiana does not give an 
examination solely for high school certificates, but this 
examination is confined to the subject which the teacher 
expects to teach. 

The per cent average for the examination appears 
rather low, seventy-five per cent average being required 
with not less than fifty on any subject. 

A separate examination is given for negroes, the per 
cent average for those certificates are higher in propor¬ 
tion than the others; for instance, a negro may take an 
examination on third grade subjects and by making an 
average of seventy-five per cent with not less than fifty 
on any subject, will be given a second grade certificate. 

Third grade certificates are given for one year only. 
No provision is made for life certificates. 

First grade and life certificates from other states are 
given recognition by the State of Louisiana. 



20 BULLETIN OF The UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

Per cent credits are given for more normal work. 
Louisiana charges fees for her certificates ranging 
from $1 to $5, and any person who makes application 
for a certificate must enclose the required fee. 


NEW YORK. 

The certification system of New York is somewhat 
complex; however, there are many good features 
which commend this system to careful consideration by 
other states. The President of the University and the 
Board of Regents control the basis for the different 
classes of certificates. No teacher is allowed to enter 
into contract with school officials without proper certifi¬ 
cate, and this certificate must be recorded by the super¬ 
intendent under whose jurisdiction she is to teach. The 
minimum requirements for any certificate is the com¬ 
pletion of a high school course or its equivalent, 
approved by the President of the University, together 
with a course in professional training. The recom¬ 
mendations as to general fitness for the professional 
teacher must be presented and no graduates are 
exempt from examination in matter relating to methods 
in teaching, except those holding a professional certifi¬ 
cate. Certificates are issued to district superintend¬ 
ents as well as schoolroom teachers. Professional 
work is required for renewal of certificates. Examina¬ 
tions for different certificates are held twice a year and 
generally one week is given to each examination. New 
York does not accept credentials from other states. No 
fees are charged. For complete review of certificates, 
etc., see tables. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

(See table.) 

The Educational Survey, which was made in North 
Carolina in 1919- the report made by the committee and 




BULLETIN OF The UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 21 

the recommendations by the General Education 
Board which handled the survey, gave an impetus to 
the educational development. Teacher training was 
given particular attention and the recommendations 
made concerning this part of th§ educational work of 
the state led to greater professional preparation. 
Provision was made whereby the teacher would 
be encouraged to better prepare herself for the great 
work of training children. 

The certification plan adopted by the 1920 General 
Assembly is very comprehensive and progressive. How¬ 
ever, it is somewhat complex. Considerable red tape 
is still prevalent, and an examination of the classes of 
certificates which are issued will reveal a greater divi¬ 
sion than the scholarship requirement demands. One 
of the admirable features in the North Carolina system, 
is the encouragement given to teachers to do 
professional work, whereby greater efficiency may be 
rendered and the teachers paid for the extra effort. 
The schedule of salaries is based on the class of certifi¬ 
cate which the teacher holds. The basis for the major¬ 
ity of certificates are academic and professional credits. 
Only two classes of certificates may be secured by 
examination. Successful teaching experience is recog¬ 
nized by being substituted for some of the academic 
credits. Summer schools have grown rapidly both in 
number and efficiency since the revision of the certifi¬ 
cation plan. 

Advanced work is rewarded by giving extra credit to 
the applicant who holds the Master's degree by extend¬ 
ing the length of validity of said certificates. Experi¬ 
ence is required of all applicants for the superinten¬ 
dent's, assistant superintendent's, principal's, and 
supervisor's certificate; and such certificates as are 
obtained on the basis of training must be counter¬ 
signed by the county superintendent before they be¬ 
come valid. 

All classes of certificates, except the elementary, pro¬ 
fessional, and temporary, may be made valid for life 


22 bulletin oe the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 


through professional study and summer school courses; 
teaching experience alone will not grant a life certifi¬ 
cate. 

An “A” college is a college requiring for admission 
graduation from a standard high school and requires 
for graduation approximately one hundred and twenty 
semester hours, and part of these must be devoted to 
professional units. The raising of certificates to a 
higher class depends solely upon summer school or col¬ 
lege work. Quote an extensive schedule for the raising 
of teachers’ certificates has been provided; however, 
only class “A” certificates may be raised, and if the 
teacher fails to do the required reading circle work out¬ 
lined by the superintendent of the particular school, 
this failure will operate against raising the value of the 
teacher’s certificate. By this method of raising certifi¬ 
cates the number of state examinations has been mate¬ 
rially reduced. 

Examinations are held only for an elementary or high 
school teacher’s certificates, and these examinations are 
conducted three times a year at each county seat. Cer¬ 
tificates are issued by classes instead of grades, and 
entitle the holder to teach only as indicated on the face 
of the certificate. Academic credits can be secured 
this way. 

The new renewal requirements promulgated upon 
the revision of the rules and regulations must be met 
by all classes of outstanding certificates. The State 
Department of Education of North Carolina recognizes 
certificates issued by the State Department of Educa¬ 
tion in the other states and equivalent recognition is 
given to state certificates which have a basis equivalent 
to that required by the State Board of North Carolina. 
North Carolina has no separate provision for her col¬ 
ored teachers, nor does she charge a fee for her certifi¬ 
cates. 


bulletin oe the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 23 


TEXAS, 

(See table.) 

The State of Texas has a very extensive and highly 
developed school system, but her plan and scope of 
certification is very simple. Two general classes of cer¬ 
tificates are issued—Temporary and Permanent. Tem¬ 
porary certificates are of two classes—First and Second 
grade. Permanent Certificates are statewide. The 
State Permanent certificates are First Grade Permanent 
certificate and State Permanent Primary certificate. 
Only state certificates can be built upon for a higher 
class. Professional work is the principal basis for 
securing higher credits. 

Provision is made through summer normals, con¬ 
ducted throughout the different sections of the state, 
for the purpose of training teachers, not only for 
improvement in scholarship, but for broadening and 
developing professional ideals. This summer normal 
continuas for a term of not less than eight weeks. 

Examinations for county certificates are given at 
each county seat during each month except January, 
February and March. No applicant is admitted to the 
examination who has not first made application to the 
county superintendent stating the class of certificate 
desired, and this application must be accompanied by 
the recommendation as to moral character and fitness 
to teach. After investigation, a permit is given recom¬ 
mending that the county board admit the applicant. 
No teacher is permitted to take the examination except 
in the county in which she resides, unless special per¬ 
mission be given to do otherwise. An average of 75% 
and a minimum of 50% secures a second grade certifi¬ 
cate for a four-year term, 85% average and a minimum 
of 50% grants a certificate for a six-year term. Per¬ 
manent certificates require 85% average with a mini¬ 
mum of 50%. In addition to all subjects of the com¬ 
mon school branches, examination is given on the sub¬ 
jects relating to the special class of certificates together 


24 bulletin oe the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

with professional studies. Precautions are taken to 
secure fair tests on the examinations. 

Teaching experience is recognized for Life certifi¬ 
cates or Permanent certificates after fifteen years of 
consecutive service to one who has been a holder of a 
first grade certificate. 

Texas grants the same consideration to the teachers 
of other states as those given to teachers of her own 
state, provided, that the credentials presented measure 
up to the standard required by the Texas authorities 
and are properly vouched for by the State Departments 
of Education or official statements from the college 
where the courses were completed. Special certificates 
are issued upon subjects mentioned in the law. 

Fees are charged for all certificates in the State of 
Texas. 


WASHINGTON. 

(See table.) 

The plan of certification for this state is simple, but 
there is no centralized authority for issuing certificates. 
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the School 
Board of a city which employs one hundred or more 
teachers, an institution of higher learning, and the 
County Superintendent, may issue certificates. Under 
this plan it appears that it would be a difficult matter to 
build up a progressive system, although supreme au¬ 
thority would be vested in the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. There is no centralized board for adminis¬ 
tering the law. 

Washington does not have an extensive division of 
certificates, and the lowest class of certificates requires 
graduation from a four-year high school, together with 
professional training. 

The per cent average on the examination for a second 
grade certificate is 85%, and the minimum 75%. 
Special attention is given to professional work on the 



bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 25 


renewal of certificates and advancement requirements. 

The life certificate is given for forty-five months of 
successful teaching, twenty-five of which must have 
been in the State of Washington. No life certificate is 
given without twelve semester hours in professional 
study at an accredited college or university. These cer¬ 
tificates may be secured, however, by examination. 

Recognition is given to teachers of those states which 
accept Washington's papers. The examination credits, 
however, must be at least 90% or over, and graded by 
a State Department of Education, together with an 
examination on the Washington State Manual. 

Fees are charged for all certificates issued, and 
proper regulations are made to safeguard the appli¬ 
cants against giving, or receiving information unlaw¬ 
fully. 


Condensed information is given regarding the states 
for which no tables are preferred calling attention to 
the following facts: 

Contracts 

Certificating authority 
Classes of certificates 
Minimum requirements 
Recognition of professional work 
Life certificates 
Renewal requirements 
Special features 
Examinations 
Fees 

Reciprocal relations. 


ARIZONA—1921. 

Arizona has made preparation looking toward rais¬ 
ing the standard of certificates, as all applicants who 
take the examination after 1925 must show graduation 
from a four-year high school with thirty semester hours 




26 bulletin oe the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

in an approved course adopted by the State Board of 
Education- ten hours of which shall be in professional 
subjects. 

Certificates are issued by the State Board of Educa¬ 
tion and are issued by examination and on credentials. 
However, no certificates on credentials are granted 
from a two-year training course from an accredited 
college, nor is any certificate issued lower than a first 
grade. Certificates granted are: Early Elementary, 
Elementary Secondary, Specific, Trial Certificates on 
examination, and Life. Life Certificates are granted 
only to teachers with twelve years’ experience and who 
are graduates of normal schools or colleges, and the 
validity of the certificate is conditioned upon continu¬ 
ous teaching. Certificates are renewed upon profes¬ 
sional work during the life of the certificate. No fees 
are charged for certificates and consideration is given 
credentials from other states. 


ARKANSAS—1921. 

The certificating authority is vested in the State 
Board of Education and the County Superintendent of 
Education. Certificates granted are: Professional 
Life, State Life Certificates, Diplomas from State Nor¬ 
mal schools, L. I. degrees from State University, Diplo¬ 
mas from normal training departments- and State High 
School Certificates by examination—first, second and 
third grade. Examinations on the number of subjects, 
as well as the per cent, determine the grade of certifi¬ 
cates. 

Renewals are conditioned on professional work and 
successful experience. The law requires teachers to 
attend institutes and unless a valid reason is given for 
not doing so, certificates become void. 

Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to $10.00. 
Reciprocal relations are maintained. 



bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 27 


CALIFORNIA—1922. 

The certificating authority is vested in the State 
Board of Education, endorsed by the Commissioners, 
and County Board of Education upon recommendation 
of the State Board and Superintendent. 

Completion of a four-year course in high school is the 
minimum required of all applicants who take the exam¬ 
ination, and all teachers are required to attend county 
institutes. Institutes are also held for county superin¬ 
tendents, and it is the duty of one trustee to attend an 
institute in his district each year. 

Certificates issued are: High School, Junior High 
School, Elementary Certificates on credentials, Elemen¬ 
tary Certificates by examination. Special Kindergarten, 
Supervisor of Attendance, Health and Development 
Certificates. Life Certificates are issued by the State 
Board upon examination by the County Board. 

California provides for a teachers' retirement fund 
after a teacher has taught for thirty years. This fund 
provides for a minimum of $500 per year. 

Examinations are held two times a year and three to 
five days are given to these examinations. 

A fee of $2.00 is required for a certificate. No pro¬ 
vision is made for reciprocal relations. 


COLORADO—1922. 

Certificates are issued bv the State Board of Exami¬ 
ners, State Board of Education, County and City Super¬ 
intendents. The classes of certificates are as follows: 
State Certificate, Temporary, Non-renewal, and Life. 
The basic requirement for any state certificate is grad¬ 
uation from a four-year course of standard college 
work with twenty semester hours in education. Exam¬ 
inations are held three times a year during three days. 
No fees are charged for certificates. Successful expe¬ 
rience is required for renewals. No recognition is 
given to certificates from other states, but credentials 



28 bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


when presented, will be given consideration if they 
meet the requirements for Colorado. An Employment 
Bureau is maintained for the teachers of the state and 
a salary schedule is provided. 


CONNECTICUT—1922. 

All teachers must hold certificates before making 
contracts, and all applicants for certificates must be 
eighteen years old and must present physician’s certifi¬ 
cate as to health and testimonials as to moral charac¬ 
ter and fitness. The certificating authority is vested in 
different departments; such as State Board of Educa¬ 
tion and Town Board of Examiners. 

Classes of certificates are: Normal—limited and 
permanent, Elementary—limited and permanent, 
Secondary—limited and permanent, Qualifying Aca¬ 
demic, Supervisor’s, Special—limited and permanent, 
and Temporary certificates. Graduation from an 
accredited high school with summer school work is 
required as a minimum and continuous preparation is 
rigidly demanded from all who continue in the profes¬ 
sion. Connecticut pays special attention to non-Eng¬ 
lish speaking classes. Examinations are held twice a 
year and three days are given to each. Reciprocal rela¬ 
tions are extended to teachers from other states. No 
fees are charged for certificates. 


DELAWARE—1921. 

All applicants for position of teacher must present 
certificates together with health certificates, and must 
be twenty years of age before signing contracts. The 
State Board of Education issues certificates. The mini¬ 
mum requirement for regular certificates is not less 
than the completion of the three-year high school 
course. The classes of certificates* somewhat extensive, 




bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 29 

are as follows: Superintendent's, Elementary School, 
Supervisor's, Special Supervisor's, High School Princi¬ 
pal's, High School Teacher's, High School Teacher's 
Special, Elementary Principal’s, Elementary Teacher's 
—first, second and third grade, and Provisional Elemen¬ 
tary. Advancement conditions are provided through 
professional work. Renewals are based upon success¬ 
ful experience and professional spirit. Examinations 
are given only for Elementary Third Grade Certificates. 
These are held twice a year and on two days. No recip¬ 
rocal relations are provided for. 


FLORIDA—1919. 

All teachers are required to have valid certificates 
before making contracts. The State Superintendent 
upon recommendation of the State Board of Examiners, 
issues the following certificates: Temporary, First, 
Second and Third Grade Primary, Special, Life by 
examination, First Grade Graduate, Special Graduate, 
Life Graduate, and State Graduate. 

No certificate is renewed. Examinations are required 
for all certificates except graduate certificates, and 
these are held at different intervals throughout the 
state* one in each county during the year. Certificates 
granted must cover subjects taught. Fees for certifi¬ 
cates range from $1.00 to $5.00. Temporary certifi¬ 
cates are given applicants from other states until they 
can qualify by examination. 


GEORGIA—1921. 

The certificating authority in Georgia is vested in 
the State Superintendent, County Superintendent and 
County Board. Certificates granted are : Professional 
Normal, Professional Collegiate, Temporary Profes¬ 
sional, Normal, High School—first, second and third 




30 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

grade, Temporary, Primary—first, second and third 
grade, and ^Elementary—first, second and third 
grade. 

All certificates above the first grade may be renewed 
by successful teaching experience and professional 
work. No second and third grade certificates may be 
renewed. Teachers’ training classes are provided in 
high schools. State examinations are held at the con¬ 
clusion of summer schools. No fees are accepted for 
certificates. Reciprocal relations are maintained with 
an examination for foreign teachers in history and 
geography of Georgia. 


IDAHO—1921. 

Certificates, together with health certificates, are 
demanded from all applicants before beginning to 
teach, and only citizens of the United States can teach 
in the public schools. Examination in school law and 
state civics is required of all applicants for certificates. 

The State Board of Education, the University of 
Idaho, State Normal and the State Technical Institute 
issue certificates. Classes of certificates are: 'County— 
first, second and third grade, and Temporary; State— 
Elementary, Elementary Life, High School Life and 
Special. 

All applicants who take the examination for third 
grade certificate must show graduation from an accred¬ 
ited high school or its equivalent before they are eligi¬ 
ble. Professional training is required of all applicants, 
and if a life certificate is not used for five years, it 
becomes void. Only one day is given to examination 
twice a year. 

Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to $10.00. No 
provision is made for reciprocal relations. 



BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 31 


ILLINOIS—1919. 

Certificates are required before contracts are signed. 
The Superintendent of Public Instruction and the 
county superintendent are the certificating authority. 
The classes of certificates are: Life, Four-year Ele¬ 
mentary, Four-year High School, Four-year Supervi¬ 
sor’s, First Grade Elementary, Second Grade Elemen¬ 
tary, High School Supervisor’s, Kindergarten, Primary, 
Special and Emergency. The minimum preparation 
requires graduation from a two-year accredited high 
school or equivalent. Life Certificates are issued only 
upon Four-year State Certificates. Successful experi¬ 
ence and professional work are required for renewal. 
Examinations are given when required. No emergency 
certificate is issued twice to the same person. A fee of 
$1.00 is charged for a certificate and renewal. Recog¬ 
nition is granted to credentials from other states simi¬ 
lar to those of Illinois. 


INDIANA—1921. 

Applicants for positions in Indiana must present 
proper license and the county superintendents are 
required to hold state certificates. 

The State Board of Education, the State Superin¬ 
tendent of Education and County Superintendent issue 
certificates. Completion of a four-year high school 
course is required for the Professional Certificate and 
professional training is required for all certificates. 
The following certificates are issued: Elementary, Pri¬ 
mary, High School, Special Subject, Professional Life, 
Exemption License, and Professional Permit License. 

Examinations are given twive a year and papers are 
graded at the State Department of Education. Recip¬ 
rocal relations are maintained with other states. 


IOWA. 

Certificates are issued by the Board of Examiners 
and Superintendent of Education. The following cer- 




32 bulletin of the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 


tificates are issued: County Certificates by examina¬ 
tion—First, Second and Third Grade; Special; Pro¬ 
visional ; State by examination—First and Second 
Grade, and Primary; State Certificates on credentials— 
First and Second grade; Preliminary on credentials— 
Third Grade; High School Normal Training Certifi¬ 
cate. 

Certificates may be advanced by examination. Suc¬ 
cessful experience and professional work are required 
during each year of the life of the certificate. Certifi¬ 
cates of first and second grade may be made Life by 
successful and professional study during the five-year 
period. Examinations are held four times a year dur¬ 
ing three days. Fees from $1.00 to $5.00 are charged 
for certificates. Consideration is given teachers from 
other states towards a certificate in Iowa. 


KANSAS—1919. 

The certificating authority is vested in the State 
Board of Education and the Kansas State Normal 
School. Certificates are of the following classes: Life 
Diploma, Life Certificate, Three-year Renewable for 
Life, Three-year Renewable for Three-year Periods, 
Permanent Three-year Elementary, Permanent Ele¬ 
mentary, Special, Temporary, High School, Normal 
Training Teacher’s Certificates; and Normal Institute 
Certificate. 

The minimum requirement for a certificate is gradua¬ 
tion from a four-year high school. Professional work 
is required for a Life Certificate, and there must be con¬ 
tinuous teaching to keep this certificate in force, and a 
three-year lapse invalidates it. Certificates are 
renewed upon successful experience and professional 
work. Examinations are held twice a year from two to 
six days. Certificates become void upon violation of 
contracts with school authorities. A fee of $1.00 is 
charged for all certificates. Reciprocal recognition is 
given credentials from other states. 



BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 33 

MAINE—1920. 

The State Superintendent issues the following classes 
of certificates: Permanent Elementary; Permanent 
Professional Elementary; Secondary—Permanent and 
Professional; Probationary—Professional, Elementary, 
and Secondary; Special. The local superintendent issues 
temporary certificates. The minimum requirement for 
the Elementary certificate is completion of a course in 
high school; for the high school certificate, completion of 
a secondary course or it's equivalent. 

Certificates may be built up through professional 
work and successful experience is required for the 
renewal of .certificates. Consideration is given to 
teachers from other states where the Maine require¬ 
ments are met. 


MARYLAND—1921. 

The State Superintendent of Education issues certifi¬ 
cates which are of the following classes: Certificates 
of Administration and Supervision, Elementary School 
Supervisor, Special Supervisor, High School Principal, 
High School Teacher, High School Special, Junior 
High School Teacher, Elementary Principal, Elemen¬ 
tary—first, second and third grade, and Provisional. 
Graduation from an accredited high school is required 
for all certificates above the Elementary. Certificates 
are renewed upon successful experience and profes¬ 
sional spirit. County Superintendents must have cer¬ 
tificates, and no second or third grade certificates are 
issued to any person the second time. No fees are 
charged for certificates and recognition of credentials 
from other states is given for certificates in Maryland. 


M ASS ACHUSETSS—1922. 


The requirements for certificates in Massachusetts 
are the simplest in form, but preparation for same is 




34 BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

very high, however, only teachers of state aided high 
schools are required to have state certificates, and most 
of these are issued on college degrees. The State De¬ 
partment of Education issues certificates which are as 
follows: Term certificates, Permanent* Special and 
Permit. The term certificate requires the Bachelor's 
degree and two years of experience in teaching, or 
thirty hours of professional work in summer school. 
The life certificate is given after five years of successful 
experience and six hours in educational courses. 

On account of the high grade of preparation required 
for grade certificates, renewal requirements are not 
strict. No fees are required for certificates nor does 
Massachusetts recognize credentials from other states. 


MICHIGAN—1921. 

The certificating authority is vested in the County 
Board of Education, the Regents of the University, 
State Board of Agriculture, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, Normal Board, Superintendent of City 
Schools, and Boards of Education in City Districts. 
Classes of certificates issued are : Life—State, College, 
Normal and Endorsed Certificates; Limited—College, 
Graded and Rural, Special Subject, County Normal, 
City—first, second, and third grade, Transferred cer¬ 
tificates, and Special certificates. 

After 1925 the holder of any certificate must have 
completed a four-year high school course and one-year 
of professional training, and after this date no examina¬ 
tion for certificates will be given. The grades of certifi¬ 
cates will depend upon the years of professional train¬ 
ing. Professional work has been required by statute 
since 1915. Provision is made for advanced standing 
after 1925. At present examinations are given during 
three days. No fees are required for certificates. 



bulletin oe the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 35 

MINNESOTA—1922, 

Certificates are required before contracts are made. 
Certificates are issued by the University of Minnesota* 
State Superintendent of Education and County Boards 
of Education, and are as follows: First and Second 
Grade Professional, First and Second Grade Life, Pro¬ 
fessional, Limited, Limited Second Grade, and Special. 

Successful teaching experience and professional 
progress are required for the renewal of certificates. 
Professional ability is required of all candidates for cer¬ 
tificates by examination. Fees range from $1.00 to 
$5.00. Reciprocal relations are maintained with states 
which have State Boards of Examiners. 


MISSISSIPPI—1922. 

All teachers who sign contracts must have valid cer¬ 
tificates. The State Board of Examiners and County 
Board of Examiners issue certificates which are as fol¬ 
lows: Professional, State, First Grade, County certifi¬ 
cates by examination—First, Second, Third Grade; 
Special. 

Examinations are held twice a year for two days dur¬ 
ing the first four weeks of September and April, re¬ 
spectively. Summer school work is (required for 
renewal of certificates at each successive renewal 
period and professional work is emphasized. 

An institute for teachers is held at each county seat 
during the year and outlines for these institutes are 
prepared by the State Board of Education. No profes¬ 
sional certificate is granted to an applicant who does 
not obligate to teach three years in this state, two of 
which shall be in the rural schools. No certificate is 
granted on examination for a longer period than one 
year except where the applicant has as much as six 
months’ experience. A principal of a two-teacher 
school must hold not less than a second grade certifi¬ 
cate, and a principal of a three-teacher school must 



36 bulletin of The university oe south Carolina 

hold a first grade certificate* All 7 aspirants to the 
office of County Superintendent of Education must hold 
first grade certificates and pass a satisfactory examina¬ 
tion in the art of teaching. 

Provision is made by statute to safeguard holding of 
examinations. Separate examinations are held for 
white and colored applicants. 

Recognition is given to teachers from other states 
where the qualifications are at least equivalent to those 
required by Mississippi. 

Fees ranging from 50c. to $5.00 are required for cer¬ 
tificates. 

MISSOURI—1921. 

Missouri requires a State certificate, together with 
recommendations of teaching ability, before a position 
can be accepted. The certificating authqrity is vested 
in the State Department of Education, State University 
and State Teachers’ College. Classes of certificates 
issued are: Rural State Certificate. Teacher Training 
Certificate, Special One-year Certificate, Five-year Cer¬ 
tificate, Junior College Certificate, Senior College Cer¬ 
tificate, and Life Certificate. Life Certificates require 
examination in five professional subjects not used 
before. Examinations are held three times a year and 
two days are given to each examination. No fees are 
required for certificates and no reciprocal relations are 
maintained with other states, but consideration will be 
given credentials of teachers from other states when 
such are accompanied by a transcript of basis upon 
which certificate was issued. 

All applicants who take the examination must pre¬ 
sent evidence of having completed four years of high 
school work or its equivalent. Eigh months’ experience 
is required before certain certificates can be issued. 
Professional preparation is required for the lowest class 
of certificates issued. Summer school work is recog¬ 
nized toward certificates in lieu of examination. 


BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OB SOUTH CAROLINA 37 


Renewal of five-year certificates require examination 
in three subjects not already credited on former certifi¬ 
cates of applicants. 


MONTANA—1921. 

Certificates are necessary before contracts can be 
signed. The State Board of Education and the State 
Board of Educational Examiners issue certificates. The 
following certificates are issued: Professional—first 
and second grade; Permits—temporary; State—by ex¬ 
amination and by endorsement; Life—by examination 
and by endorsement; and Special. The minimum 
requirements for any class of certificates are two years 
of high school work and twelve weeks of normal train¬ 
ing. Certificates are renewed upon successful 
experience and successful completion of reading 
circle work during the life of the certificate. 
A diploma from the State Normal is considered a State 
certificate, and a diploma from the State University and 
State Agricultural and Mechanical College, when ac¬ 
companied by certificate of qualification, becomes a 
State certificate. Twelve months' experience is re¬ 
quired for a first grade certificate by examination. Vio¬ 
lation of contracts suspends certificates for one year. 
Examinations are held during two days twice a year. 
Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to $5.00. Recip¬ 
rocal relations are granted where the bases are equiva¬ 
lent to those required by Montana. 


NEBRASKA—1921. 

Certificates are issued by the State Superintendent, 
County Superintendent, State Board of Education, and 
Normal School. The classes of certificates are: First and 
Second Grade County, Grade City State* High School 
City State, Superintendent’s City State, Special City 
State, Special City State, Life, Professional State, Ele¬ 
mentary State, First Grade State and Emergency. 




38 BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 


The minimum requirement for a certificate is nor¬ 
mal training together with eight weeks successful expe¬ 
rience. Professional work will renew certificates. 
Life Certificates become invalid when there is a lapse 
of three years, unless there is some educational work 
pursued. Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to 
$1.50. Reciprocal relations are maintained with other 
states where the basis is commensurate with that 
required by Nebraska. 


NEVADA—1921. 

The State Board of Education issues certificates. 
Classes: by examination—First Grade. Second Grade 
and High School, Special, Life Diploma, High School 
and Elementary, Temporary. 

Successful experience and summer school work 
renew certificates. Examinations are held twice a 
year. Second Grade certificates are not renewed and 
any teacher who fails on examination cannot be granted 
a temporary license. A free employment bureau is 
maintained. No fees are charged and recognition is 
given to credentials from other states. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE—1922. 

Certificates are issued by the Commissioner of Edu¬ 
cation. The classes of certificates are as follows: Ele¬ 
mentary—Class A, Class B and Service; Secondary— 
Grades A, B and Service. 

Examinations are not given in the academic subjects 
for high school teachers, but an examination in profes¬ 
sional subjects must be taken. All high school teach¬ 
ers must have a Bachelor’s degree from an approved 
college, unless professional work has been completed in 
normal institutions. Reciprocal relations are accorded 
to state certificates under certain conditions relative to 
experience and professional work. 




bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 39 


NEW JERSEY—1921. 

Certificates must be secured and recorded before 
contracts are signed to teach in New Jersey. The State 
Board of Examiners, the County and City Superintend¬ 
ents issue certificates. The classes of certificates are: 
Limited Elementary, Permanent Elementary, Tem¬ 
porary, Limited Secondary, Supervisor’s, Special, 
Vocational, and War Emergency. The minimum 
requirement for certificates is graduation from a 
four-year high school or equivalent and two six-weeks’ 
courses at a summer school, or equivalent work in pro¬ 
fessional subjects. Certificates are renewed or made 
permanent with testimonials of successful experience 
and competency. Summer schools are under the 
control of the State Board of Examiners and most of 
the courses are professional. Summer work may be 
accepted toward certificates. Examinations are held 
twice a year during three days. No fees are charged 
for certificates. Reciprocal relations are maintained 
with certain states. 


NEW MEXICO—1921. 

Certificates of qualification and health and ten days’ 
summer school work are required before contracts are 
signed. The Board of Education issues the following 
certificates: Professional Life, Five-year Professional, 
First, Second and Third Grade, Elementary State, Spe¬ 
cial, and Institute. 

The minimum requirement for Professional Certifi¬ 
cates is graduation from a standard high school. Pro¬ 
fessional training is encouraged by adopting reading 
circle work for the teachers each year. No conditional 
Life Certificate is granted. Grades made at a summer 
school examination may be counted towards a certifi¬ 
cate when an eight weeks’ course is pursued. Fees for 
certificates range from $1.00 to $5.00. State certifi¬ 
cates from other states are given recognition in New 
Mexico. 



40 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

NORTH DAKOTA—1921. 

All applicants for certificates must be citizens of the 
United States and certificates must be properly 
recorded before contracts are made to teach. 

The State Board of Education issues certificates 
which are as follows: Professional—first and second 
grade, and Special Subject Certificates. After 1923 all 
persons entering the teaching profession must be grad¬ 
uates of a four-year high school. 

The salary schedule has been incorporated in the law 
based on training and experience. To renew certifi¬ 
cates* professional work is required. Contracts with 
teachers are safeguarded by retaining 10 per cent of 
the teacher’s salary until the expiration of said con¬ 
tracts. 

Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to $5.00. 


OHIO—1921. 

Certificates are required before contracts are signed. 
The State Board of Examiners, State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, County Boards of Examiners, and 
City Boards of Examiners issue certificates. The fol¬ 
lowing classes of certificates are issued: High School 
Life, Elementary Life, Provisional Life, Provisional 
High School, Provisional State, Provisional Special, 
Provisional Elementary, Special State, Primary, Ele¬ 
mentary County, Teacher’s Elementary, and Emer¬ 
gency. Almost all certificates require high school 
graduation and professional training. Professional 
work is required for certificates of the higher class and 
especially for Life certificates. Renewals are based on 
successful teaching and professional spirit. 

Examinations are given four times a year. All appli¬ 
cants for certificates must swear to the oath of alle¬ 
giance and must have done some actual teaching under 
supervision. Fees for certificates range from $1.00 to 
$5.00. No provision is made for reciprocal relations. 



BULLETIN OF the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 41 


OKLAHOMA—1921. 

Certificates are issued by the State Superintendent of 
Education and city certificates are issued by the State 
Department of Education upon recommendation by the 
city board. The following certificates are issued: Life, 
Five-year High School, Two-year High School’ Tem¬ 
porary High School, Special High School, Music, Five- 
year Elementary, Two-year Elementary, Temporary, 
and First, Second, and Third Grade County. 

Graduation from a four-year high school is the mini¬ 
mum requirement for all certificates. Renewal require¬ 
ments for certificates demand successful teaching expe¬ 
rience and successful completion of professional work. 
No Life Certificate is granted, except where profes¬ 
sional work has been done. State certificates expire 
when the holder is out of the schoolroom for a period 
of two years. Certificates are revoked where contracts 
are broken without the consent of the employment 
board. A fee of $2.00 is charged for a certificate and 
credentials from other states are given consideration. 


OREGON—1922. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction and the 
County Superintendent issue certificates which are 
based upon credentials from normal training schools 
and examinations in prescribed subjects. The classes 
of certificates are as follows: One-year State, Five- 
year State, Life, Special, Certificates to non-graduates 
of standard colleges and of teacher training courses, 
and Temporary County Certificates. 

The minimum requirement for a certificate is gradua¬ 
tion from a four-year high school. One-year Certifi¬ 
cates may be advanced to Five-year Certificates after 
successful experience. Examinations are under the 
control of the Board of Examiners. These examina¬ 
tions are held twice a year during four days. Certifi¬ 
cates are classified by the kind of school to be taught, 



42 bulletin oe the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

whether Primary, Elementary or High School. Fees are 
charged for certificates and reciprocal relations are 
extended towards State certificates of other states un¬ 
der certain restrictions. 


PENNSYLVANIA—1922. 

Certificates are issued by the County Superintendent, 
local Superintendent, and Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. No provision is made for granting certifi¬ 
cates except on credentials. The general classes are: 
Emergency—Partial Elementary and Secondary; 
Standard—Temporary and Permanent; Normal Cer¬ 
tificates; Diplomas; College—Provisional and Perman¬ 
ent. The minimum requirement for a certificate is 
graduation from a standard four-year high school with 
eight semester hours of professional training. Regular 
certificates are renewed upon professional training. No 
fees are charged for certificates and certificates from 
other states are given recognition which have a basis 
similar to requirements in Pennsylvania. The salary 
schedule has been adopted. 


RHODE ISLAND—1921. 

The State Board of Education issues certificates and 
a teacher must hold a certificate before signing con¬ 
tracts. There are two general classes of certificates, 
Professional and Provisional. Professional certificates 
are classed according to the validity which examina¬ 
tion for certificate determines. Professional certificates 
are those valid in Secondary, Elementary, Primary, 
and Pre-Primary Schools; Limited for special subjects, 
and conditional Professional. Provisional certificates 
are: Senior, Junior, and Special. The mini¬ 

mum requirement for certificates is graduation 
from a secondary school with an approved course of 
professional work. Professional study is required to 
advance all certificates. Examination in professional 




bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 43 

subjects must be successfully passed except where 
these subjects were successfully pursued during gradu¬ 
ation from an accredited college. No certificate may be 
renewed but by pursuing a professional course, a 
higher grade certificate may be secured. No fees are 
charged and no reciprocal relations are provided for. 


SOUTH DAKOTA—1921. 

Certificates are required before contracts are signed 
and certificates are issued by State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction and County Superintendents. Classes 
of certificates are: On examination; Special, Third 
Grade, Second Grade, First Grade, Primary, State, Vo¬ 
cational, Life Diploma; on credentials, Second Grade, 
First Grade* State, Provisional State, Life Diploma, Pro¬ 
fessional Life Diploma, and Provisional Diploma. Ap¬ 
plicants for certificates must have attended normal 
school for six weeks. Successful experience is required 
for renewals. Examinations are held during two days. 
Fees range from $1.00 to $10.00. Oath of allegiance 
required for all certificates, and no second grade cer¬ 
tificate is renewed. A lapse of three years in continu¬ 
ous teaching invalidates the certificate. No provision 
is stated for reciprocal relations. 


TENNESSEE—1921. 

Applicants must be nineteen years of age and hold a 
certificate before a contract can be made for teaching 
in the state. The certificating authority is vested in the 
State Superintendent and certificates issued are: Ele¬ 
mentary—first and second grade, High School—first 
and second grade, Permits, and Life Certificates. The 
holders of Elementary Certificates must pass the exam¬ 
ination in practice of teaching and school management. 
Holders of high school certificates require, in addition 
to this, history of Education with special attention to 




44 bulletin of the university OE SOUTH CAROLINA 

teaching of high school subjects. No unconditional cer¬ 
tificate is granted Continuous teaching of. not more 
than three years’ lapse will permit the renewal of cer¬ 
tificates, and summer school work is required of all 
teachers. Fees are charged for all certificates issued 
and recognition is given to teachers from other states 
who present credentials having similar bases to those of 
Tennessee. 


UTAH—1922. 

Certificates are issued by the State Board of Educa¬ 
tion, and the following certificates are issued: Admin¬ 
istration and Supervisors’ certificates, Special, High 
School, Junior High School, and Elementary—first, 
second, and third grade. The minimum requirements 
for certificates is graduation from a four-year high 
school. A lapse of five years during the life of the cer¬ 
tificate invalidates same. No certificates are granted 
for use outside of the state except those based on grad¬ 
uation from an accredited college or normal school. 
Second and third class certificates cannot be renewed. 
Certificates are renewed upon successful experience 
and professional work. All life certificates are granted 
conditionally. No fees are charged for certificates. 
Reciprocal relations are maintained with those states 
which recognize Utah’s certificates. 


VERMONT—1921. 

Certificates are necessary before contracts are 
signed. The Commissioner of Education issues the fol¬ 
lowing certificates: Permits, Provisional, Qualifica¬ 
tion and Life Certificates. 

The minimum requirement for a certificate is com¬ 
pletion of at least three years’ work in a high school. 
A Life certificate requires professional work. No cer¬ 
tificates are granted to teachers without the state, and 




BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OE SOUTH CAROLINA 45 


certificates are based upon professional training and 
length of service in determining their classes. No fees 
are charged and reciprocal relations are maintained 
with other states where the requirements fot ; certifi¬ 
cates are equivalent to those in Vermont. 


VIRGINIA—1921. 

The Department ,of Education issues all certificates. 
The classes are Professional and Non-Professional. Pro¬ 
fessional certificates are: Collegiate, Normal Profes¬ 
sional, and Vocational Professional. Non-Professional 
are: Collegiate, Special, Elementary—first and second 
grade, and Permits. The minimum requirement for 
certificates above the Elementary is graduation from 
the four-year high school. The Elementary certificate 
requires two years of high school work. 

Professional work must be pursued to keep certifi¬ 
cates in force. No unconditional life certificate is 
issued. Successful experience and completion of read¬ 
ing circle courses and examination on two books in 
Education will renew certificates. State examinations 
are held once a year for two days. No fees are 
charged for certificates. State credentials from other 
states are recognized and evaluated according to Vir¬ 
ginia requirements. 


WEST VIRGINIA—1922. 

Persons signing contracts must have certificates. The 
State Superintendent issues the following certificates: 
High School, Provisional High School, Standard Normal 
School, Temporary—first and second grade, Special 
Supervisor's, Provisional Supervisor's, Elementary— 
First and Second grade, and Life. 

Completion of a four-year high school course is 
required for regular certificates. Professional work is 
encouraged. Examinations are given twice a year on 




46 bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

two days. Professional training is required of all appli¬ 
cants for first grade certificates on examination, and 
not less than one year of high school work will admit 
the applicant to the examination. No fees are charged 
for certificates, and no provision is made for reciprocal 
relations, but consideration is given for work done in 
other states. 


WISCONSIN—1921-22. 

The State Superintendent, upon recommendation of 
the State Board of Examiners, issues state certificates 
and the following certificates are issued: Limited Five- 
year, Life, Non-limited State. Special License on dip¬ 
loma, and Librarian. 

Professional work is required of the holders of any 
class of certificates whether granted on examination or 
credentials. A fee of $2.00 is charged for certificates, 
and reciprocal relations are maintained. 


WYOMING—1922. 

Certificates are issued by the State Board of Educa¬ 
tion and the classes of certificates are as follows: Ele¬ 
mentary City Schools, by credentials—Class B, Class 
A, Professional; by examination—Class B, Class A; 
Rural School Certificates by credentials; State High 
School Normal Training Department Certificates; Ad¬ 
vanced State High School Normal Training Department 
Certificate—Class A, Class B, Class C, and Professional; 
by examination—Classes A, B, and C ; Special Class Cer¬ 
tificate; High School Certificate, Classes 1, 2, and 3; 
Administration Certificate, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Special 
Certificate by examination and by credentials; Pro¬ 
visional Certificate; Emergency Certificate; Vocational 
Teacher’s Certificate; Temporary-Provisional, Condi¬ 
tional and Emergency. 




bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 47 

The minimum requirement for all classes of certifi¬ 
cates includes graduation from an accredited four-year 
high school or its equivalent, which regulations took 
effect July 1, 1922. Certificates are renewed upon sat¬ 
isfactory teaching experience and professional work. 
Professional training is required for all certificates. 
Provision is made for the advancement of certificates 
by examination in professional courses. Life certifi¬ 
cates require professional reading in order to keep such 
certificates in force, and failure to do this required 
work causes the certificate to lapse. Fees ranging from 
50c. to $1.00 are charged for all certificates. Recog¬ 
nition is given to state credentials from other states. 


TABLES CONTAINING CONDENSER INFORMATION FOR THE CERTIFICATES REGULATIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES WERE COMPILED FROM THE 
LATEST PAMPHLSTS ISSUED BY THE DIFFERENT STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION CONTAINING THE CERTIFICATE LAWS. 


48 


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66 


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SOUTH CAROLINA—Cotinnued. 


70 


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BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


73 



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WASHINGTON 


74 


BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


Special 

Features 

A 1 1 applicants 

must be 

Amer. citi¬ 

zens. Aliens 
may be given 

permits where 

the teacher 

has necessary 

qualifications 

and has de¬ 

clared his or 
her intention 

to become an 

Amer. citizen. 


Patriot ism 

must be 

taught b y 

all teachers. 

Recip. 

Relations 


Recip. rela¬ 

tions granted 
on certifi¬ 

cate by 

Exams, pro¬ 

vided credits 
are 90% or 

over and 

graded by 

State Depts. 

valid subject 

0 r subject 

and Exam, in 

State Man¬ 

ual. 



Recognition of 
Professional 
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bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 


75 


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76 bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. 


A study of the subject of certification naturally leads 
to certain conclusions, and realizing that no system in 
certification is perfect, some needed amendments and 
provisions are herewith suggested. 

The plan now followed by the State Board of Exam¬ 
iners under the State Department of Education does not 
make suitable provision for the raising of the grade of 
the different certificates through professional work. No 
adequate salary schedule is provided for and no mini¬ 
mum scholarship is required of the applicant who takes 
the examination. Life certificates are not always evi¬ 
dence of professional attainments. The instructions 
prepared by the State Board of Examiners for the ap¬ 
plicants who take the examination do not emphasize 
sufficiently the importance of the examination being 
fairly conducted. The appropriation made by the Leg¬ 
islature for carrying out the present system of certifica¬ 
tion is inadequate. No fees are charged for certificates; 
therefore, there is a possibility that teachers who 
possess certain credentials might escape conforming to 
the renewal requirements by asking for duplicate certi¬ 
ficates or for the issuing of another certificate on 
former credentials. 

It is suggested that the Life certificate be made pro¬ 
visional so that professional study may be required of 
all teachers of the state. Provision should be made for 
building upon the Primary, Elementary, and High 
School certificates, which are secured by examinations. 
This plan could be adopted by giving credits for 
professional units at a summer school or a normal 
school or for one year of regular college work. No grad¬ 
uate of an accredited college which does not give a 
course in Education, should be given a certificate un¬ 
conditionally. No third grade certificate should be 
given twice to the same person, and the third grade cer¬ 
tificate should be valid for only one year. No second 



BULLETIN OB THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 77 

grade certificate should be renewed more than once. 
All applicants who take the examination should have 
completed at least the eighth grade work, or its equiv¬ 
alent, of a standard high school. Applicants for pro¬ 
fessional credits should be given their examinations at 
an accredited summer school or by the college authori¬ 
ties where the additional work is done, and these 
credits promptly forwarded to the State Board of Ex¬ 
aminers. A salary schedule, according to the grade 
and class of certificate, should be provided as soon as 
possible. This provision will give an impetus to the 
deserving teacher and will reduce the number of the 
inefficient and the indifferent. 

A different plan for certification of the colored appli¬ 
cants by examination should be provided. 

Minimum fees should be required for all certificates 
issued. 

It is noted that the present system provides for the 
continuance of the status of any valid certificate which 
was in force prior to the establishment of the State 
Board of Examiners and that those teachers who have 
borne the brunt of the fight against ignorance have 
been cared for. These are very commendable features; 
however, all teachers should be required to do some 
professional work at stated periods. Professional 
training is stressed by every state in the Union and the 
majority provides for teachers' institutes and summer 
schools directed by the State Departments of Educa¬ 
tion and Boards of Examiners. 

Many of the states have written into the rules and 
regulations for certification of teachers direct provision 
for discouraging indiscriminate resignations and any 
teacher who resigns a position without the consent of 
the employing authorities forfeits her certificate for a 
certain length of time and some provision should be 
incorporated in the regulations of South Carolina to dis¬ 
courage this practice. The school authorities are sup¬ 
posed to comply with the agreement made with the 
individual teacher and each teacher should hold her 


78 bulletin of the university OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

contract inviolate. Sometimes circumstances may war¬ 
rant a resignation, but sufficient notice of the desire for 
release should be given the authorities. 

The development of the school system in South Car¬ 
olina, which has taken place within the last decade, 
demands a corps of well trained teachers and the ac¬ 
complishments so far obtained have directed attention 
to a more progressive plan of certification. The State 
Board of Education in South Carolina would materially 
aid the development of a corps of well trained teachers 
if they would provide for a higher standard of profes¬ 
sional attainment to be reached by 1925 or 1927. This 
provision would give all an opportunity to measure up 
to the requirements and no one would be denied an 
opportunity to prove himself proficient. 


IBIBLIOGRAPHY 


Statutes of South Carolina, 1811, 1835, 1868, 1878, 1895, 

1920. 

United States Department of Interior, Bulletin No. 22, 

1921, “State Laws and Regulations Governing Teachers’ Cer¬ 
tificates. 

Latest Publication of the Rules and Regulations governing 
Certification of Teachers by the different states. 














Printed by 

CAROLINA PRINTING CO. 
Columbia, S. C. 





























